when describing the plight of the people (e.g., 1:3, 5), thus indicating the covenant context of their sufferings. This covenant framework explains why it is not the Babylonians but God who is seen as the primary assailant. Israel had violated her covenant with YHWH, not her covenant with Babylon, so it is YHWH who punishes her. Lamentations never asks, “Why has this happened to us?” This is because the “why” is already known—Israel has broken the covenant law. Rather, the anguished questions behind
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